A values-based health system
March 2011
Home | The Medical Journal of Australia (mja.com.au)
With Prof J Braithwaite, Dr M Doery
The promise of billions of dollars to treat symptoms of a failing health care system without fundamentally addressing the underlying disease with innovative and revolutionary reform will only inevitably lead to more inquiries and more reports. — Van Der Weyden1
A new paradigm for health care
It remains debatable that the Rudd government’s health care reform solutions were revolutionary. The collective proposals fell short of addressing the fundamental causes of health system failure. Despite the efforts of the government in producing weighty reports with hundreds of pages and dozens of recommendations,2,3,4,5 the solutions (according to some) were chiefly mechanistic and structural, although the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (NHHRC) report has much useful information and many viable recommendations. At last month’s Council of Australian Governments (COAG) meeting, the heads of agreement between the Commonwealth, states and territories authoritatively pronounced on a range of high-level principles, particularly on shared funding, standards of care and performance, and committing to local governance, but it is not clear how reform will be accomplished or what its eventual shape will be.
Basic questions remain unanswered, such as, “What is collectively meant by health?” Most in the medical community are busy treating breakdowns in individual patients’ conditions, and are thus dissonant about, and distant from, such a question. At what point will we be happy with the health system? What will a well functioning, clearly focused health care service look like?6,7,8,9
While these questions may be too hard to answer, particularly for incrementalist governments, the end of the innovation life cycle with the current model has been reached. There are, surely, few significant gains to be made in churning out more patients, running more tests, and throwing more dollars at the states and territories to continue to support the existing patchwork we call the health system. No one doubts that people are working hard, but the current incentives, structures and vested interests work against real progress.
We illustrate the point in Box 1. The old paradigm of health care was predicated on industrial thinking and disease management, the mainstays of which are drugs, procedures and biochemical and radiological testing. This needs to shift to a wellness-oriented system focused on performance and outcomes, requiring a radical overhaul.
While we appreciate that the switch to a new growth and innovation model cannot happen overnight, one fundamental aspect of health care could be addressed in the meantime. What is missing from the Rudd government’s proposals for health reform, and all others we have read, is a failure to articulate, and argue for, a new values-based system. In a postmodern world of bewildering complexity (the health system is an excellent example of this), we need, more than ever, firm anchors on which to base our reinvention of health care. This reinvention needs to be to a system designed for wellness and performance, rather than for symptom avoidance or salvage of patients when it is too late, and we must realign confidence in and support for the system.
Current and proposed values
Consider the values of stakeholders in the system now, which we have observed emerging for some time. They can be seen expressed increasingly through participants’ behaviours, practices, attitudes and beliefs. Consider how it might be if they were reframed. In Box 2, the normative values are those toward which the respective stakeholder groups ought to be striving.
In short, while some groups and individuals display normative values some of the time, these instances are much rarer than is preferable. Stakeholder groups are “tribal”,10 favouring their in-group membership over others, and pursue anachronistic or idiosyncratic values. Yet, if human societies eschew the greater good, they run the risk of confronting the “tragedy of the commons” — a well known phenomenon in which the pursuit of sectional interests jeopardises collective wellbeing, as was seen in the recent international banking crisis, and is occurring with deforestation and climate change. We need to reorient the system, aiming to satisfy the needs of the whole community, and taking a less inward, narcissistic focus.
A proposal for embracing the common good
How will a transformation from the present — where stakeholders run things their way, on their terms, and self-interest is increasingly evident — be achieved? How can we reach a more sophisticated view of individuals’ and groups’ places in society, as productive contributors and partners working towards common goals? There are behavioural examples which reflect the kinds of deeply held tenets that need to be supported: doctors emphasising health prevention, promotion and the long-term health of patients; nurses striving for patient outcomes; managers stimulating genuine teamwork and improved quality of care; and policymakers promoting collaborative, systems-wide efforts.
We believe that many stakeholders are looking for leadership, willing to support it and prepared to embrace change if the appropriate conditions are established. We need new levels of mutual understanding between all the parties, committing them to behave differently toward each other. Then, and only then, will any federally initiated reform plan broaden into something seriously possible, and worth doing.
Can we get to this stage? Are we being excessively optimistic? In a modern psychology classic,11 Howard Gardner examined how to get people to think differently, and he specified how leaders could induce groups to change their mindsets. He argued that there were seven levers for change, which he called the “seven Rs”:
reason involves employing logic and weighing factors so that people are persuaded about the potential change
research is adduced by collecting, analysing and interpreting data to bolster the argument
resonance means that something has to “feel right” to be supported
redescriptions are used to assist in convincing people, that is, the core message is recoded in several forms, because different people respond to different messages
resources and rewards are important to support the planned change
real world views of people should be acted on, to try to create a mind shift
resistances (factors which solidify into resistance to change, or disagreement with the proposed change) should be identified, and attempts made to nullify them.
Government plans usually try to grind the gears of reason (the population is in favour of the general logic of health care reform) and resonance (the public suspects intuitively that reform is overdue). The public have noted that the states and territories have been provided with resources and rewards by the federal government in the past round of reform proposals. However, how they will flow to the stakeholder groups to act as incentives for them is not clear, particularly with the reshaped national political landscape since the August 2010 election. The NHHRC’s precursor report provided some research (but not randomised controlled data, of course) in support of a revamped health system. More work is likely to be needed by the new government, if they want to pursue reform, to recode their message into redescriptions for various stakeholder groups (after all, how many of us, apart from academics or policy wonks, will, in reality, read lengthy policy reports?). Redescriptions should be designed to overcome various resistances which coagulate whenever reform is proposed. As far as real-world values are concerned, we have made explicit what we believe they are now, or are becoming, and should be encouraged to become, in Box 2.
We must realise that a wellness-oriented health system based on explicit normative values will require a forceful triggering mechanism and a galvanised, critical mass of participants. It might begin with patients demanding a better health system, or some stakeholder groups articulating a shift in perspective, armed with a negotiated blueprint for the future. Local leaders can be catalysts. But it is more likely to be initiated and implemented by a seriously talented, reforming prime minister or health minister. Like or loathe them, those with courage, in the mould of previous reformers such as prime ministers Gough Whitlam (1970s social reforms), Bob Hawke and Paul Keating (1980s macro-economic reforms), health minister Neal Blewett (1980s introduction of Medicare and national HIV/AIDS strategy) and Victorian premier Jeff Kennett (1990s micro-economic reforms and privatisation) are role models. We rarely see such audacious single-mindedness today, and it might be more difficult in a compromise minority government. Will we see bold reformers standing up in the modern era?
What we have seen is a range of measures to put the federal government’s current reform proposals into effect (Box 3). While commentators will no doubt feel the package is supportable within the current paradigm, it is unlikely to be a game changer in the way we are advocating.
Conclusion
Despite these measures, we do not have a health system with re-engineered values. Changes that former prime minister Kevin Rudd and health minister Nicola Roxon initiated in the last government, and are now Ms Roxon’s and prime minister Julia Gillard’s to prosecute, do not support such a health system. Mr Rudd and Ms Roxon have ignored present and potential values, as did prime minister John Howard for 11 years. This is where passion, not technical financial solutions and fundamental change, and not merely structural redrawing of local hospital boundaries, is required.
If there was an inkling that the new government was willing to articulate an argument grounded in values, a plan for implementation as useful as Gardner’s, and reform based much more on improving health rather than alterations to the structure,13,14 people might be more encouraged. Fresh thinking like this is needed in the new parliament. Otherwise, we may risk seeing no real lasting reform, continue to lament lost opportunities, fail to provide the underpinnings to Van Der Weyden’s “innovative and revolutionary reform”, and encounter, with perpetual deja vu, many more inquiries and reports into our health system. That will be in no one’s interests.
